During Spanish rule, however, the herding and pasture-based economy of the hinterlands outside Naples suffered from feudal oppression and soon became impoverished.
The fertile plains of Terra del Lavoro fared better thanks in part to their proximity to Naples, and in part to the fact that Naples favored the development, however limited, of textile industries, artisan activities, and intensive agriculture. Besides exploiting the land and the peasants who worked it, the Spaniards and their Bourbon successors collected taxes without using this revenue toward capital investments for manufacturing, commerce, or even agrarian reform.
The feudal oppression and taxation led to peasant uprisings in that spread from the city to the countryside. During the second half of the 17th century, Naples experienced an economic decline brought about, in part, by the plague of , which reduced the population by a half. The silk-producing industries declined, and most of the economic and commercial life of Naples was now in the hands of English and French merchants.
Despite this decline, Naples continued to be an important consumer market for the feudal aristocracy, the landed gentry, the merchants and the other professional classes living in the city. Naples continued to prosper culturally: Giambattista Vico , one of Europe's leading philosophers, wrote The New Science; and in Pietro Giannone wrote The Civil History of Naples which criticized the Church's privileges, and gave Neapolitans a sense of their ancient national traditions.
Tanucci, a liberal Tuscan, is regent and initiates administrative and legislative reforms. Both Charles VII and Ferdinand IV funded important public works projects: the construction of the San Carlo Theater , one of the most important opera houses in Europe, the founding of the Nunziatella military academy, and the first excavations at Pompei. During their long reign, Naples continued to be an important cultural center.
In , at the University of Naples, A. Genovesi held the first professorship of political economics at a European university; and G. Filangieri wrote The Science of Legislation an important work of the Neapolitan Enlightenment.
Other Neapolitan intellectuals from this period include F. Galiani, C. Broggia, M. Delfico, G. Palmieri, D.
Grimaldi, F. Longano, G. Galanti, and F. After the French Revolution of , the Bourbons, like their other European dynasties, abandoned their reformist tendencies. The French occupied Naples in allowing Neapolitan intellectuals to create a short-lived republic. When the Bourbons returned to power, they ruthlessly destroyed the Neapolitan Republic and its supporters, creating a permanent split between the monarchy and the best-educated citizens of Naples.
Murat gives Naples its first modern government with a mayor and councilmen. He favored some industrialization through public initiative; but his attempts at creating a better government were hampered by his own reactionary politics. Like his grandfather Ferdinand I before him, Ferdinand II suspended constitution law, and ruled by royal decree. This brought about a great loss of economic and political clout to the region, as well as an end to the modest gains made by the textile and steel industries.
After unification, Naples regained its importance as a cultural center. Italy's leading literary scholar during this period, Francesco De Sanctis, was a Neapolitan whose work helped reform the university curriculum. Savoring its newfound freedom of speech, the press became an important force in Neapolitan society: Matilde Serao author of Il ventre di Napoli and E. Scarfoglio were two of the city's best-known journalists.
Labriola, and the sociological studies of P. Villari, G. Fortunato, and F. Schools of law, medicine, and mathematics also flourished during this period.
This was partly due to the fact that Naples is the world's fifth densest city, making affordable housing hard to come by. The beautiful countryside around Naples has witnessed the worst of urban sprawl: today Naples is a "megalopoli" which spreads from Pozzuoli to Sorrento, and goes as far north as Caserta once the royal residence of the Bourbon kings.
Inland, discover wooded mountains, looming massifs and lush fertile plains, clothed in fragrant Mediterranean vegetation. Along the coast, the climate is typically Mediterranean, with long, sun-soaked summers— so all crops have a lengthy growing season.
Inland is more continental, with low temperatures in winter. The fertile coastal lowlands are the chief farming areas.
With such rich soils, cultivation can be intensive. Very often wheat grows in fields with fruit trees along the edges, and vines trailing amongst them. Wheat, apricots, peaches, apples, nuts, citrus fruits, figs, olives and, of course, grapes, are the main crops. About the Campania region. In fact, in the Roman Period, due to the fertility of its plains, the region was called Campania Felix , pleasant Campania.
Campania is bordered by Lazio to the northwest, Molise to the north, Apulia to the northeast, Basilicata to the southeast, and Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. It is the second-most-populous region of Italy and is the most densely populated region in the country.
Region's topography may be split into three areas: the hill lands, covering half the territory. The Apennines that cover the The rest of the territory is constituted by alluvial zones, including plains and coast lands. The highest peak is the Mount Miletto in the Matese massif.
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